Journal of Preventive Medicine

Description

Throughout history, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and humans have co-existed, and despite our efforts, M. tuberculosis continues to afflict us, currently affecting a third of the world's population. The PE-PPE family has recently been credited with M. tuberculosis' success; a singular collection of 168 proteins that are fundamentally involved in M. tuberculosis's pathogenesis. Since their discovery in 1998, the PE-PPE family of proteins has been the focus of intense research. Although our knowledge and understanding have made significant progress over the past two decades, many important questions remain unanswered. With regard to the most recent advancements in elucidating the evolution, structure, subcellular localization, function, and immunogenicity of the PE-PPE family proteins, this review consolidates and examines the extensive body of previously published research. In addition, significant contradictions and inconsistencies within the field are brought to light in this review. Additionally, the potential causes of these knowledge gaps are investigated. Last but not least, this review highlights the difficulties associated with studying this mysterious family of proteins and poses a number of significant questions that must be answered before we can fully comprehend the PE-PPE family of proteins. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis will undoubtedly be enhanced by additional research into the PE-PPE family and technological advancements in genomics and proteomics. Additionally, key targets or candidates for the development of novel drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines will be identified. Children who live with someone who has tuberculosis run the risk of contracting the disease and infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For these children under the age of five, WHO guidelines recommend active screening and isoniazid Preventive Therapy (PT), but endemic countries rarely employ this wellestablished treatment. We find that there are multiple factors that prevent PT from being implemented, including difficulties with screening, poor adherence, anxiety about increasing INH resistance, and low acceptability among primary caregivers and healthcare professionals. The adoption of symptom-based screening and shorter drug regimens are discussed as potential solutions to these obstacles, which can largely be overcome.

TB Infection

To close the policy–practice gap and provide functional PT programs for children in endemic settings, integrated multicomponent and site-specific solutions must be developed and evaluated within a public health framework. It is common knowledge that a number of social factors and poverty are linked to Tuberculosis (TB). Except for those related to substance abuse, alcoholism, and HIV infection, behavioral factors have received relatively little attention. Other lifestyle-related factors have been given more attention in recent years. Smoking, in particular, has been linked to an increased risk of TB infection, disease, and death. The connection between TB disease and the use of biomass fuels or passive smoking is only marginally supported. The state of nutrition also plays a significant role. Obesity appears to protect against TB disease, whereas malnutrition or being underweight is linked to an increased risk. On the other hand, people with diabetes mellitus are more likely to get TB, but only if they don't control their blood sugar properly. Even though most lifestyle factors only slightly raise TB risk, their prevalence is rising rapidly in some Asian communities. In addition, the tubercle bacillus is thought to be latently infected in as much as one third of the world's population.

In many parts of Asia, the ongoing risk of transmission may have been significantly reduced as a result of the successful introduction of Directly Observed Therapy—Short course (DOTS). However, due to the large number of latently infected individuals in the Asia–Pacific region, DOTS alone is unlikely to eliminate the ongoing emergence of infectious tuberculosis cases through endogenous reactivation. Promoting a healthy lifestyle may complement the DOTS strategy in the fight against TB because of the close relationship between lifestyle, the aging population, and the TB epidemic. In the United States, donors of organs are not typically tested for Tuberculosis (TB). We looked into a case of pulmonary tuberculosis in a recipient of a double lung transplant. We used molecular methods to compare the lung recipient's isolate with others from three sources after reviewing the records of the donor and recipient her hospital, the genotyping database of the California state department of health, and Guatemala, the donor's home country.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in the recipient's respiratory system one day after the transplant. On posttransplant recipient chest radiographs and computed homographs, a previously unnoticed pulmonary opacity was visible on the donor's chest radiograph. Despite being identical to two isolates from Guatemala, the recipient's isolate was molecularly distinct from those at her hospital and in the state database. Lung donors passed the disease on to recipients.

Epidemiology

Similar incidents may occur as transplants of organs become more common worldwide. Consider conducting a TB test on potential organ donors. Due to their high morbidity and mortality rates, tuberculosis and HIV infection are two major global public health threats that hinder society's development. The epidemiology, clinical aspects of tuberculosis, and pathogenesis of HIV-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) coinfection are all examined in this chapter. Although the risk of tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals is greatly reduced by Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), it appears that, even in the majority of populations, the risk of tuberculosis remains approximately five to ten times higher than in the HIVuninfected population. All HIV-positive patients should be tested for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis due to the high rate of MTB-HIV coinfection. Additionally, all tuberculosis patients should be encouraged to take part in free HIV counseling and testing. Rifabutin is recommended for the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients, particularly if protease inhibitors are required to treat HIV. It is the least potent inducer. The chapter provides a summary of the interactions that rifabutin and rifampin have with approved antiretroviral medications. It is amazing how difficult it has been to control the tuberculosis epidemic, which is treatable. Although HIV is the most significant factor in the rise in tuberculosis cases, tuberculosis can be prevented and treated even in HIV-positive individuals. The creation of new effective vaccines, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and diagnostic tools must be accelerated. The global Tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is examined in this chapter. Even though the authors' primary focus is on the number of new cases and deaths caused by this disease, they also want to show the exact number of new cases and deaths caused by TB each year. The prevalence of infection can be measured by using the tuberculin skin test's ability to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The likelihood that any individual will contract M. tuberculosis in a single year is referred to as the annual risk of infection. It is assessed that around 1,700 million individuals are contaminated with M. tuberculosis. The presence of drug resistance to at least one anti-TB drug in a TB patient who has never received prior treatment is known as primary resistance. The TB epidemic is likely to worsen for a number of reasons if the world does not acknowledge the TB crisis and take prompt, effective action. To begin, demographic forces are operating. The ages at which TB morbidity and mortality are highest are now reaching children born in regions with high population growth rates in previous decades. Second, an increase in the number of TB cases may be caused by famine, war, and natural disasters that result in large numbers of displaced, malnourished individuals living in cramped conditions. Thirdly, age-specific TB incidence rates are likely to rise in places around the world where HIV infection seriously weakens the immune system.